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How Does the Old Testament Mesh with the New 21
The Golden Calf
Moses had been up on Mount Sinai with Jehovah for 40 days and nights, receiving the Ten Commandments written by God Himself on two stone tablets. Simultaneously, the Israelites began to get anxious, thinking that Moses was not coming back. They approached Moses’ brother Aaron, who was put in charge of the people until Moses’ return. And they said to him:
Now when the people saw that Moses delayed coming down from the mountain, they gathered together before Aaron and said to him, “Come, make us a god who will go before us; as for this Moses, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him.” Ex. 32:1 AMP
It wasn’t Moses who freed the people from Egyptian slavery. It was God. They were in essence, deifying Moses, a mere man. And in their impatience and fear, their faith vacillated. The people were still theologically ignorant. So, they asked Aaron to humanly fashion a new leader, a physical idol for them to worship and follow.
We are talking about a demand made upon Aaron by thousands of Israelites. They weren’t looking for a new god, they were seeking a sculptured image with which to convey their worship to God – breaking the second of the Ten Commandments, which forbids idol worship.
So, Aaron tries to stall the people’s apostasy, hoping that Moses would return soon:
So Aaron replied to them, “Take off the gold rings that are in the ears of your wives, your sons and daughters, and bring them to me.” So all the people took off the gold rings that were in their ears and brought them to Aaron. And he took the gold from their hands, and fashioned it with an engraving tool and made it into a molten calf; and they said, “This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” Ex. 32:2 – 4. AMP
Regardless of Aaron’s intent, he is complicit in the people’s sin of religious syncretism, i.e., combining paganism with Jehovah’s Word.
Now when Aaron saw the molten calf, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made a proclamation, and said, “Tomorrow shall be a feast to the Lord!” So they got up early the next day and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; then the people sat down to eat and drink, and got up to play [shamefully—without moral restraint]. Ex. 32:5, 6. AMP
The Hebrew translation suggests that the people were committing a mass orgy.
At this same moment, God angrily reveals this to Moses on Mount Sinai
Then the Lord said to Moses, “Go down at once, for your people, whom you brought up from the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves.” Ex. 32:7 AMP
Note that God is saying to Moses ‘your people, whom you brought up’, instead of His heretofore claim of ‘My people whom I brought up.’ Jehovah has disavowed His children. Also, the Hebrew translation of ‘corrupted’ suggests that the Israelites have ‘ruined themselves.’
God continues:
They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it and sacrificed to it, and said, ‘This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’” The Lord said to Moses, “I have seen this people, and behold, they are a stiff-necked (stubborn, rebellious) people. Now therefore, let Me alone and do not interfere, so that My anger may burn against them and that I may destroy them; and I will make of you (your descendants) a great nation.” Ex. 32: 8 – 10. AMP
So, just like He did in Noah’s time, Jehovah’s righteous anger demands justice. His intent is to wipe out His children and begin anew through the descendants of Moses.
Moses is tested at this juncture, but he rises to the challenge:
But Moses appeased and entreated the Lord his God, and said, “Lord, why does Your anger burn against Your people whom You have brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and a mighty hand? Why should the Egyptians say, ‘With evil [intent] their God brought them out to kill them in the mountains and destroy them from the face of the earth’? Turn away from Your burning anger and change Your mind about harming Your people. Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel (Jacob), Your servants to whom You swore [an oath] by Yourself, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your descendants as the stars of the heavens, and all this land of which I have spoken I will give to your descendants, and they shall inherit it forever.’” Ex. 32:11 – 13. AMP
Note that Moses turns God’s words around to ‘Your people whom You have brought’, so that He would again take ownership of His children. Moses argues for how God’s image would be tainted by freeing the Israelites from Egypt, only to kill them in the wilderness. Finally, he reminds Jehovah of His forever standing promise He made to the patriarchs, and that He is bound by His own words.
Moses’ entreaty proves to be successful:
So the Lord changed His mind about the harm which He had said He would do to His people. Ex. 32:14. AMP
Moses descends from the mountain, carrying the two ‘tablets of the testimony’ and when he approaches the Israelite camp, his anger was white hot, and he shattered the tablets.
Then Moses took the calf they had made and burned it in the fire, and ground it to powder, and scattered it on the surface of the water and made the Israelites drink it. Ex. 32:20 AMP
He is humiliating the people in their sin. Next, Moses turns his wrath upon Aaron:
“What did this people do to you, that you have brought so great a sin on them?” Ex. 32:21 AMP
Aaron backpedals:
“Do not let the anger of my lord burn; you know the people yourself, that they are prone to evil.For they said to me, ‘Make us a god who will go before us; as for this Moses, the man who brought us out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him.’ I said to them, ‘Let whoever has gold [jewelry], take it off.’ So they gave it to me; then I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf.” Ex. 32:22 – 24. AMP
The golden calf just magically appeared? I doubt that Moses fell for that. Moses looked at the cavorting Israelites and called out to them:
“Whoever is on the Lord’s side, come to me!” And all the sons of Levi [the priestly tribe] gathered together to him. He said to them, “Thus says the Lord God of Israel, ‘Every man strap his sword on his thigh and go back and forth from gate to gate throughout the camp, and every man kill his brother, and every man his friend, and every man his neighbor [all who continue pagan worship].’” So the sons of Levi did as Moses instructed, and about three thousand men of the people [of Israel] were killed that day. Ex. 32:26 – 28. AMP
Severe punishment? Yes. But they broke away from God’s covenant. If God is to be with His children, He cannot brook intentional sin.
Then the next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a great sin. Now I will go up to the Lord; perhaps I can make atonement for your sin.” So Moses returned to the Lord, and said, “Oh, these people have committed a great sin [against You], and have made themselves a god of gold. Yet now, if You will, forgive their sin—and if not, please blot me out of Your book which You have written (kill me)!” But the Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will blot him out of My book [not you]. But now go, lead the people [to the place] where I have told you. Behold, My Angel shall go before you; nevertheless, in the day when I punish, I will punish them for their sin!” Ex. 32:30 – 34. AMP
Moses offered his own life for the children of God. Jehovah refused, saying that the sinner is responsible for his or her sin.[1] As far as ‘God’s book’ is concerned, perhaps it is referring to God’s book of life[2] which contains the names of all who will be saved throughout time.
[1] Dt. 24:16; Ezek. 18:4
[2] Ps. 69:28 & 139:16; Phil. 4:3; Rv. 3:5, 13:8, 17:8, 20:12,20:15 & 21:27.
How Does the Old Testament Mesh with the New 20
The Building of the Tabernacle
After God finished giving His laws to Moses for the book of the Covenant, He told Moses to gather Aaron and his two oldest sons and seventy of Israel’s elders, who must worship from a distance on Mount Sinai. The rest of the people stay at the foot of the mountain. Only Moses is to approach Jehovah.
What is happening here is that God is preparing for the ratification of the Ten Commandments and of the laws in the book of the Covenant, with the Israelites. Moses goes down to the people and reads them to the people. They respond:
“We will do everything the Lord has commanded.” Ex. 24:3 NLT
This was followed by a sacrificial offering of bulls. God declared that blood was the quintessence of life for people and animals[1], and was frequently used in covenant ratification:
Then Moses took the blood from the basins and splattered it over the people, declaring, “Look, this blood confirms the covenant the Lord has made with you in giving you these instructions.” Ex. 24:8 NLT
The blood sanctified the people. It was a ‘peace offering’[2]
Then Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up [the mountainside],and they saw [a manifestation of] the God of Israel; and under His feet there appeared to be a pavement of sapphire, just as clear as the sky itself. Yet He did not stretch out His hand against the nobles of the Israelites; and they saw [the manifestation of the presence of] God, and ate and drank. Ex. 24:9-11 AMP
The eating and drinking were also part of the ceremony of ratifying the covenant.
(Note that what they saw was a manifestation of God. As you know, God is invisible. He also teaches us that we cannot see His true essence and live to talk about it.[3] Seeing the manifestation and not God Himself, is why those near Jehovah were not killed.)
Everyone was now off Mount Sinai. Then God called Moses to return to Him alone:
“Come up to me on the mountain. Stay there, and I will give you the tablets of stone on which I have inscribed the instructions and commands so you can teach the people.” Ex. 24:12 NLT
Then Moses climbed up the mountain, and the cloud covered it. And the glory of the Lord settled down on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days. On the seventh day the Lord called to Moses from inside the cloud. To the Israelites at the foot of the mountain, the glory of the Lord appeared at the summit like a consuming fire.Then Moses disappeared into the cloud as he climbed higher up the mountain. He remained on the mountain forty days and forty nights. Ex. 24:15 – 18. NLT
During this time, Jehovah instructed Moses on how to build Him a ‘tabernacle’:
The Lord said to Moses, “Tell the people of Israel to bring me their sacred offerings. Accept the contributions from all whose hearts are moved to offer them. Here is a list of sacred offerings you may accept from them: gold, silver, and bronze;blue, purple, and scarlet thread; fine linen and goat hair for cloth; tanned ram skins and fine goatskin leather; acacia wood; olive oil for the lamps; spices for the anointing oil and the fragrant incense; onyx stones, and other gemstones to be set in the ephod and the priest’s chestpiece.” Ex. 25:1 – 7. NLT
“Have the people of Israel build me a holy sanctuary so I can live among them. You must build this Tabernacle and its furnishings exactly according to the pattern I will show you.” Ex. 25:8, 9. NLT
So, this ‘Tabernacle’ (also referred to as a ‘sanctuary’, ‘tent of meeting’ or ‘tent of testimony’), was to be a holy place, designed exclusively for worshiping God. And He communicated to Moses exactly as to how it was to be built – even to the very measurements, and the materials it was to be constructed with. (See Ex. 25:10 – 40.)
It was to bring the nation of Israelites together to worship God as per His precise instructions. ‘Tabernacle’ comes from the Hebrew sakan, meaning to ‘dwell’. This is where Jehovah would dwell amongst His people. The description ‘tent’ meant that it was to be a portable structure. ‘Testimony’ referred to the Ten Commandments, which were contained in the ‘Ark of the Testimony’ – a golden overlaid box with a pure gold lid, (part of the ‘Mercy Seat’) where God would reside) kept in a subdivision of the Tabernacle called the ‘holy of holies.’ The Tabernacle provided comfort for the people, knowing that regardless of their travels, God was with them. So, the Tabernacle was not for God, but for His children. All worship and sacrifices were performed there, and it emphasized that Jehovah was the one true God amidst all the many false gods that the heathens around them worshiped.
The Tabernacle ‘building’ was to be set at one end of a courtyard. All animal sacrifices were performed in the courtyard on a ‘bronze altar’, (‘altar of burnt offering), and there was a ‘bronze laver’ as well, to ensure that the priests were able to cleanse themselves before entering the Tabernacle. (See Ex. 27:1 – 8.)
There were two rooms in the Tabernacle: one was the ‘holy place’ where the priests performed all the rituals; second was the ‘most holy place’ (holy of holies), where God Himself would manifest on His ‘Mercy Seat.” Only the High Priest could enter that room, and only on one day of the year (the day of atonement).
(From the Christian perspective, the Tabernacle was a precursor to Christ, whose sacrifice provided us a direct connection to God, sans Tabernacle, when the veil was torn in the Temple.[4] Furthermore, the Tabernacle also offered atonement for sins as an antecedent of Christ’s atoning work on the cross.)
The Ark of the Testimony, along with the mercy seat, were considered the most sacred of all the Tabernacle furnishings – primarily targeted for atonement (propitiation) of sins.
The two pieces of furniture in the holy place consisted of a ‘Table of Showbread’, (‘bread of display’, ‘bread of the presence) – symbolic of God’s physical provision (actually eaten by the priests), and the ‘Golden Lampstand’(menorah), emblematic of Jehovah’s spiritual provision. It was a candelabra with six branches which were to be perpetually burning oil lamps, signifying Jehovah’s presence.
Lastly, for the walls of the Tabernacle, and to create a separation between the holy place and most holy place, was accomplished by erecting a series of multiple curtains. (See Ex. 26:1 – 37.)
If you are going to have a Tabernacle, it is imperative to have priests:
“Now bring your brother Aaron near, and his sons with him from among the sons of Israel, so that he may serve as priest to Me—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron’s sons. You are to make sacred garments [official clothing reserved for holy services] for Aaron your brother, for honor and for beauty (ornamentation). Tell all the skilled and talented people whom I have endowed with a spirit of wisdom, that they are to make Aaron’s garments to sanctify him and set him apart to serve as a priest for Me.” Ex. 28:1 – 3. AMP
Jehovah is setting up His priesthood, which at this time was a vital component for the Tabernacle. All priests, beginning with Aaron and his sons, and then propagated by their descendants, had to be from the tribe of Levi. This practice is still in effect for the priests of the Hasidic sect of religious Jews in present time.
The priestly duties included maintenance in and on the tabernacle and its operation. Most important though, was their spiritual works: as a mediator to bring the people closer to God, through holy rituals (including sacrificial rites), intercessory prayer, being a model for holy living, and an intermediator between people, e.g., settling disputes, and teaching Mosaic Law.
You’ll also see in the above Scripture that the priests were to have a very ornate ‘uniform’ designed by God Himself, to elevate the office of the priest, but not the man himself. (See Ex. 28:4 – 43.)
“This is the ceremony you must follow when you consecrate Aaron and his sons to serve me as priests:” Ex. 29:1 NLT
The priests also had to be consecrated (dedicated, set apart, ordained to a sacred office). Jehovah reveals the exact stepwise procedure in detail. It began with animal sacrifices, ritual offerings to God, water cleansing, and anointing them with oil. The consecration took seven days. (See Ex. 29:2 – 46; 30:17 – 33).
The tabernacle required one more piece of furniture:
“Then make another altar of acacia wood for burning incense…Place the incense altar just outside the inner curtain that shields the Ark of the Covenant, in front of the Ark’s cover—the place of atonement—that covers the tablets inscribed with the terms of the covenant. I will meet with you there.” Ex. 30:1 & 6. NLT
“Every morning when Aaron maintains the lamps, he must burn fragrant incense on the altar. And each evening when he lights the lamps, he must again burn incense in the Lord’s presence. This must be done from generation to generation.” Ex. 30:7, 8. NLT (See also Ex. 30:2 – 5, 9, 24 – 37.)
After God has told Moses how everything needs to be constructed, He tells him who He has hired and enabled to do that construction:
Then the Lord said to Moses,“Look, I have specifically chosen Bezalel son of Uri, grandson of Hur, of the tribe of Judah. I have filled him with the Spirit of God, giving him great wisdom, ability, and expertise in all kinds of crafts. He is a master craftsman, expert in working with gold, silver, and bronze. He is skilled in engraving and mounting gemstones and in carving wood. He is a master at every craft!
“And I have personally appointed Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, to be his assistant. Moreover, I have given special skill to all the gifted craftsmen so they can make all the things I have commanded you to make.” Ex. 31:1 – 6. NLT (See also 31:7 – 11.)
Lastly, God reminds Moses to reiterate the importance of the Sabbath; and that it needs to be kept, even during the construction of the Tabernacle:
The Lord then gave these instructions to Moses: “Tell the people of Israel: ‘Be careful to keep my Sabbath day, for the Sabbath is a sign of the covenant between me and you from generation to generation. It is given so you may know that I am the Lord, who makes you holy. You must keep the Sabbath day, for it is a holy day for you. Anyone who desecrates it must be put to death; anyone who works on that day will be cut off from the community. You have six days each week for your ordinary work, but the seventh day must be a Sabbath day of complete rest, a holy day dedicated to the Lord. Anyone who works on the Sabbath must be put to death. The people of Israel must keep the Sabbath day by observing it from generation to generation. This is a covenant obligation for all time. It is a permanent sign of my covenant with the people of Israel. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, but on the seventh day he stopped working and was refreshed.’” Ex. 31:12 – 17. NLT
When He had finished speaking with him on Mount Sinai, He gave Moses the two tablets of the Testimony, tablets of stone, written with the finger of God. Ex. 31:18 AMP
Stay tuned for the Golden Calf…
Goodnight and God bless.
[1] Lv. 17:11
[2] Ex. 24:5
[3] Ex. 33:20
[4] Mt. 27:51